The effect of endurance training with zinc supplementation on endurance performance and weight changes of male rats

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Sports Physiology,, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran.

2 Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran.

3 Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran.

Abstract

Aims: Zinc is a crucial and rare element in energy metabolism, but there is limited information regarding its impact on sports performance and weight changes. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the effects of endurance training with zinc supplementation on endurance performance and weight in male Wistar rats.

Methods: A total of 28 adult male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups: control (6 rats), zinc supplementation (6 rats), endurance training (8 rats), and endurance training with supplementation (8 rats). Endurance training involved the use of a treadmill designed for rodents. Zinc supplementation was provided by dissolving 227 mg of zinc sulfate in one liter of water, which was continuously available to the animals. Maximum endurance capacity was measured at the end of the seventh week using a residual test, and the samples were weighed two days after the training sessions. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test, with a significance level of P≤0.05.

Results: The results indicated a significant increase in endurance performance in the endurance training group compared to the control group (P=0.001). Additionally, there was significant increase in endurance performance in the endurance training+supplement group compared to the endurance training group (P=0.036). Furthermore, no significant difference in weight changes was observed among the research groups (P=0.619).

Conclusion: Overall, combining zinc supplementation with endurance training shows promise for enhancing sports performance and improving energy balance.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Rajabi H, Keyhanian A. Comparison of resistance trainings with active and passive rest on changes level of lactate blood activity of soccer players. Sport Physiology. 2014;6(23):15-28.
  2. Laursen PB, Jenkins DG. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training. Sports Medicine. 2002;32(1):53-73.
  3. Dupont G, Blondel N, Berthoin S. Time spent at V O2max: A methodological issue. International journal of sports medicine. 2003;24(04):291-7.
  4. Edwards A, Clark N, Macfadyen A. Lactate and ventilatory thresholds reflect the training status of professional soccer players where maximum aerobic power is unchanged. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2003;2:23-9.
  5. Wynne K, Stanley S, McGowan B, Bloom S. Appetite control. Journal of Endocrinology..2005;184(2):291-318.
  6. Frayn K, Karpe F, Fielding B, Macdonald I, Coppack S. Integrative physiology of human adipose tissue. International journal of obesity. 2003;27(8):875-88.
  7. Kazemi A, Ghanbarzadeh M, Navidi Z, Soltani M. The effect of 8 weeks of intermittent exercise with consumption of black seed on serum levels of vaspin and lipid profile of obese women. Research in Exercise Nutrition. 2022;1(2):11-9.
  8. Azizi M, Rahmani- Nia F, Mohebi H, Azarbyejani MA. The Effect of Exercise on Cortisol Responses and Energy Expenditure in Obese and Lean Men. Journal of Sport Biosciences. 2009;1(1):57-73.
  9. Kazemi A. The effect of creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic performance, fatigue index and futsal specific performance test in elite futsal players in pre-season training. Research in Exercise Nutrition..2022;1(2):43-52.
  10. Kilic M. Effect of fatiguing bicycle exercise on thyroid hormone and testosterone levels in sedentary males supplemented with oral zinc. Neuro endocrinology letters. 2007;28(5):681-5.
  11. Kilic M, Baltaci AK, Gunay M, Gökbel H, Okudan N, Cicioglu I. The effect of exhaustion exercise on thyroid hormones and testosterone levels of elite athletes receiving oral zinc. Neuro endocrinology letters. 2005;27(1-2):247-52.
  12. Ovesen J, Møller-Madsen B, Thomsen JS, Danscher G, Mosekilde L. The positive effects of zinc on skeletal strength in growing rats. Bone. 2001;29(6):565-70.
  13. Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, et al. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15(1):38.
  14. Golub MS, Takeuchi PT, Keen CL, Hendrickx AG, Gershwin ME. Activity and attention in zinc-deprived adolescent monkeys. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1996;64(6):908-15.
  15. Ackland ML, Michalczyk A. Zinc deficiency and its inherited disorders-a review. Genes & nutrition. 2006;1(1):41-9.
  16. Frederickson CJ, Suh SW, Silva D, Frederickson CJ, Thompson RB. Importance of zinc in the central nervous system: the zinc-containing neuron. The Journal of nutrition. 2000;1-130(5):1471S-83S.
  17. Müller O, Garenne M, Reitmaier P, van Zweeden AB, Kouyate B, Becher H. Effect of zinc supplementation on growth in West African children: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in rural Burkina Faso. International journal of epidemiology. 2003;32(6):1098-102.
  18. Ploysangam A, Falciglia GA, Brehm BJ. Effect of marginal zinc deficiency on human growth and development. Journal of tropical pediatrics. 1997;43(4):192-8.

 

 

  1. 19. Frederickson C, Danscher G. Zinc-containing neurons in hippocampus and related CNS structures. Progress in brain research. 1990;83:71-84.
  2. 20. Devito L, Nassar L. The effects of severe zinc deficiency on the spatial working memory of

 

young and adult female rats. Col Univ J Sci. 2000;32:155-62.

  1. 21. Ghasemnian A, Parvizi A, Rahmani A. The effect of three months of zinc-magnesium supplementation along with intense endurance training on somatomedin c and endurance performance in mature female rats. 2018.
  2. 22. Çınar V, Talaghir L, Akbulut T, Turgut M, Sarıkaya The effects of the zinc supplementation and weight trainings on the testosterone levels. Человек Спорт Медицина. 2017;17(4):58-63.
  3. 23. Krause L, Schindler A, Linkup D, Cooper D, Flinn J, Jonesi B. The effect of enhanced levels of zinc on spatial memory and brain function in rats. Mason gmu edu/∼ jflinn/JANE pdf. 2002.
  4. 24. Van Loan MD, Sutherland B, Lowe NM, Turnlund JR, King JC. The effects of zinc depletion on peak force and total work of knee and shoulder extensor and flexor muscles. International journal of sport nutrition. 1999;9(2):125-35.
  5. 25. MirdarHarijani S, Nejabat M, Hajizadeh Moghadam A. Effect of one session endurance exhausting exercise on some coagulation markers of mature and immature wistar rats. ISMJ. 2013;16(2):80-91.
  6. 26. Ferraresso RLP, Buscariolli de Oliveira R, Macedo DV, Alessandro Soares Nunes Lz, Brenzikofer R, Damas D, et al. Interaction between overtraining and the interindividual variability may (not) trigger muscle oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity.2012.
  7. 27. Qasemnia A, Zighami Z, Hadi S. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Increased Aerobic Exercise with Zinc Supplementation on Muscle Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Serum Leptin Levels and Weight Changes in Adult Wistar Rats. Armaghane Danesh. 2019;24(6):1054-72

 

  1. 30. Tahmasebi S, Farokhi  A, NaghdiI N, Bagherzadeh F, Kazemneghad A, ShahbaziI M. The Effect of Zinc Deficiency and Zinc Supplement in Female Rats' Regime on Learning, Memory and Motor Function of Their Offspring in Morris Water Maze. Journal of development and motor learning. 2009;2(1):21-46.
  2. 31. Meier UaAMG. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin. . Clinical Chemistry. 2004;50(9):1511-25.
  3. 32. Lee N. A review of magnesium, iron, and zinc supplementation effects on athletic performance. The Korean Journal of Physical Education.2017;56(1):797-806.
  4. 33. Eskıcı G. Effect of different dosages of zinc supplementation on nutritional status, aerobic and anaerobic performance in elite female volleyball players. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 2021;43(1):43--56.
  5. 34. Russell M, Stark J, Nayak S, Miller KK, Herzog DB, Klibanski A, et al. Peptide YY in adolescent athletes with amenorrhea, eumenorrheic athletes and non-athletic controls. Bone. 2009;45(1):104-9.
  6. 35. Christo K, Cord J, Mendes N, Miller KK, Goldstein MA, Klibanski A, et al. Acylated ghrelin and leptin in adolescent athletes with amenorrhea, eumenorrheic athletes and controls: a crossâ€گsectional study. Clinical endocrinology. 2008;69(4):628-33.
  7. 36. Chan JL, Mantzoros CS. Role of leptin in energy-deprivation states: normal human physiology and clinical implications for hypothalamic amenorrhoea and anorexia nervosa. The Lancet. 2005;366(9479):74-85.
  8. 37. De Souza MJ. Menstrual disturbances in athletes: a focus on luteal phase defects. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2003;35(9):1553-63.
  9. 38. Fischer Walker C, Baqui A, Ahmed S, Zaman K, El Arifeen S, Begum N, et al. Low-dose weekly supplementation of iron and/or zinc does not affect growth among Bangladeshi infants. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2009;63(1):87-92.
  10. 39. Silva AP, Vitolo MR, Zara LF, Castro CFS. Effects of zinc supplementation on 1-to 5-year old children. Jornal de pediatria. 2006;82:227-31.
  11. 40. Castillo-Durán C, Perales CG, Hertrampf ED, Marín VB, Rivera FA, Icaza G. Effect of zinc supplementation on development and growth of Chilean infants. The Journal of pediatrics. 2001;138(2):229-35.
  12. 41. Jalilolghadr S, Kashanipoor N, Javadi M. The effect of zinc supplementation on linear growth in short stature school-aged children in Qazvin. Journal of Inflammatory Diseases. 2008;12(2):13-9.
  13. 42. Mozafari Khosravi H, Shakiba M, Eftekhari M, Vahidi A. Effects of zinc supplementation on the physical growth of 2-5 years old children. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism..2008;10(4):363-71.
  14. 43. MacDonald RS. The role of zinc in growth and cell proliferation. The Journal of nutrition. 2000;130(5):1500S-8S.
  15. 44. Ninh NX, Thissen J-P, Collette L, Gerard G, Khoi HH, Ketelslegers J-M. Zinc supplementation increases growth and circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in growth-retarded Vietnamese children. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1996;63(4):514-9.
  16. 45. Bentley ME, Caulfield LE, Ram M, Santizo MC, Hurtado E, Rivera JA, et al. Zinc supplementation affects the activity patterns of rural Guatemalan infants. The Journal of nutrition. 1997;127(7):1333-8.
  17. Tahmasabi Borojni Shahzad, Shahbazi Mehdi, Naghdi Nasser. The effect of different levels of zinc during pregnancy on the growth and physical development of infantsDevelopment and learning of Movement-Sports .2009;1(3):116-99.
  18. Medeiros DM, Wildman RE. Advanced human nutrition: Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2013.
  19. Stensel D. Exercise, appetite and appetite-regulating hormones: implications for food intake and weight control. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2010;57(Suppl. 2):36
Research in Exercise Nutrition
Volume 2, Issue 3
October 2024
Pages 40-21

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 22 November 2023
  • Revise Date: 29 November 2023
  • Accept Date: 08 January 2024
  • First Publish Date: 08 January 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics